Chapter 1 Cannabis as medicine in Europe in the 19th century

History of cannabis as a medicine: a review.

Cannabis as a medicine was used before the Christian era in Asia, mainly in India. The introduction of cannabis in the Western medicine occurred in the midst of the 19th century, reaching the climax in the last decade of that century, with the availability and usage of cannabis extracts or tinctures. In the first decades of the 20th century, the Western medical use of cannabis significantly dec...

The position of Persian language and literature in Ottoman’s 19th century literature and historical developments

With the spread of western reforms in the 13th/9th century, Ottoman’s literature was reformed either. To reform Ottoman literature, they decided to transform the Ottoman language and literature relations with Persian language and literature. On one hand, they considered problems of Ottoman literature regarding Pindaric and its inefficiency for entering new areas such as novel, drama, and journa...

The Chronicle of Arsenic Poisoning in the 19th Century

Chapter 7 Cannabis control in Europe

Setting the context The history of cannabis has been the subject of numerous books in recent years (see Fankhauser, this monograph). One of the many historical perspectives that have been explored is cannabis's social, political and legislative history. This chapter provides a brief history of controls on cannabis, and analyses a series of recent government enquiries that have informed legislat...

A Spiritual and Moral Pursuit of Russian Literature in the 19th Century (Axiological Aspect of Literary Research)

The study of the axiological problems in literary studies is a fundamental direction of modern Russian Philology. In this paper, we will first conside, the search process for the orientations of values of Russian writers of the classical period of Russian literature in the 19th century; and second, the spiritual themselves foundations as ideological constants of the writers. The pursuit of Russ...